Generations of Computers

Advancement in technology started with new technology emerging every decade. Then shifted to a couple of years and now probably at the gap of every six months. The history of computers dates back to the mid-1900s. Since then computers have kept evolving. There is a total of 5 generations of computers. Each generation of computers is better than the previous.

In this article, we have discussed all these 5 generations of computers in detail. So let’s dive into the article.

1^st Generation Computers

The usage of vacuum tubes in computers was marked as the actual first electronic computers. Therefore, are considered the 1^st generation of computers. These computers were at their peak between 1940-1956.

The circuitry involved the usage of two things mainly – vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. It used hundreds of vacuum tubes for the wiring.

As a result, these computers required huge spaces. They cost a fortune. The input was through punch cards and paper tape. The output was through printouts.

This was the start of using the machine language. A language understood by computers. The most famous computers of this era are UNIVAC and ENIAC. These computers were usually used for educational and scientific purposes.

But in the year 1951 UNIVAC was purchased by the US census bureau and became the first-ever commercial computer.

Let us look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of the computers of the 1^st generation.

Advantages

• Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available in those days. They were made to the best use.
• These were the fastest-calculating electronic devices of that time.
  

Disadvantages

• They were quite bulky and huge.
• Required ACs to cool them off.
• Consumed a large amount of electricity.
• Could process only one input at a time.
• They were quite expensive according to that time.
• Were not portable, therefore, not suitable for commercial use.
• Vacuum tubes are used to emit a huge amount of heat.
• As a result, they required constant maintenance.
  
  

2^nd Generation computers

2^nd generation computers were introduced after more than a decade. These came with better speed and efficiency. Hence, quickly replaced the 1^st generation computers.

Transistors were used to manufacture the 2^nd generation computers instead of vacuum tubes. The transistors were invented way earlier in the late 1940s. But came into use as an electronic component for the computer in 1956.

These computers were used for almost a decade between 1956-1963. The use of punch cards as input still existed. Subsequently, there was a switch from cryptic binary language to assembly language. This used symbolic characters. At the same time, high-level languages COBOL and FORTRAN were also being developed. Magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic-core technology.

Examples- UNIVAC 1108, Honeywell 400, IBM 7094.

These computers had their own set of advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages

• Smaller in size.
• Consumed way less electricity.
• Comparatively faster than more reliable.
• Produced less heat.
• Performed faster calculations than the previous computers.
• The cost was marginally less than the 1^st generation computers.
  

Disadvantages

• Still required ACs to cool off.
• They were smaller in size still commercial use was not possible.
• They could be used for specific purposes only.
  
  

3^rd Generation Computers

The time between 1963- 1973 is the 3^rd generation of computers. The 3^rd generation computers came out to be the first and most commercially used computers. These computers were compact, portable, and highly efficient. Moreover, the large transistors were miniaturized. They were placed into integrated circuits. This was a big leap in the advancement of technology.

These were also the first computers to use actual keyboards and mouse. Before them, punch cards were the input devices. These interfaced with an operating system and made the computer truly functional.

As a result, several applications could run on the computer. Unlike the previous generation computers.

With so many changes new mass market of users emerged during this time.

Advantages

• Much cheaper than the older computers.
• Completely supported the high-level language.
• Were much faster and more reliable.
• Were lighter in weight and smaller in size.
• Storage of large data was possible.
• Highly recommended for commercial use.
• Did not need much maintenance.
  

Disadvantages

• These computers were expensive.
• The requirement of sophisticated technology for the manufacturing of IC chips.
  
  

4^th Generation Computers

The fourth generation of computers were based on microprocessors. It was a revolutionary time in the world of technology. The whole computer processor came down to one small chip -Intel.

The first chip Intel 4004 was developed in 1971. All the components CPU, memory, and I/O controls were positioned onto this single chip. Moreover, the computer that used to occupy a whole room could now be placed on a desk.

This time is also called the era of VLSI (Very Large scale Integration). With VLSI thousand of components could be integrated on a single chip. In the year 1981 people saw the first computer for home use. It was manufactured by IBM. And in 1984 Macintosh was introduced by Apple. These microprocessors were not limited to computers they were further used for other electronic devices.

Examples: IBM 4341, Macintosh, Star 100, CRAY-1 (Supercomputer), etc.

Advantages

• Compact in size and light-weighted.
• Highly commercial as a result more successful.
• Had great speed, versatility, and large memory capacity.
• It required little maintenance.
• Heat dissipated was negligible.
• No requirement for ACs anymore.
• Cheaper hence, affordable to the common man.
• These supported all types of high-level languages and hence had widespread usage.
  

Disadvantages

• Required delicate technology to manufacture ICs.
• Microprocessor fabrication is complex.
  
  

5^th Generation Computers

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence started in 2010. It is still under development. Some of the technologies are highly in use such as voice recognition systems. It also introduced a new fabrication level ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration). ULSI means the integration of million components on a single chip. Most importantly it supports all kinds of high-level languages for example Java, C++, C, etc.

The goal is to create powerful computers that can handle a huge amount of data. Subsequently can imitate human work. Other various 5th-generation technologies are-

• Robotics
• Neural networks
• Natural Language Procession
  

Advantages

• These are the fastest computers to date.
• These are very lightweight, compact, and above all portable.
• They are available in various price ranges, thus affordable to everyone.
• The computers have a great User Interface. So it was appropriate for end-users.
• It is used for various multimedia purposes.
  

Disadvantages

• There is still scope for advancement.
• Need low-level languages.
  
  

Conclusion

This completes our article on generations of computers. We can see that it is sometimes difficult to determine if we have reached the peak of technology. Or is there still a scope? We have robots performing sophisticated surgeries. Robotic body parts to assist disabled people. All sectors widely use AI.

Certainly, technology is doing every possible thing it can do. However, it can never replace humans. Nor it should.